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সোমবার, ১৮ এপ্রিল, ২০২২

Muslims

Muslims

এপ্রিল ১৮, ২০২২


Muslims

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Not to be confused with Muslin.
"Muslim" redirects here. For other uses, see Muslim (disambiguation).
Muslims
Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg
Prayer in Cairo (1865)
Jean-Léon Gérôme
Total population
c. 2 billion (2020)[1][2]
Founder
Muhammad
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia231,070,000[3]
 Pakistan213,161,100[4]
 India204,000,000[5]
 Bangladesh153,700,000[6]
 Nigeria99,100,000[7]
 Egypt95,000,000[8]
 Iran82,900,000[9]
 Turkey82,800,000[10]
 Algeria42,000,000[11]
 China40,000,000[12]
Religions
80–90% Sunni Islam[13][14]
10–20% Shia Islam[15][16][17]
~1% Ahmadiyya[18]
~1% Other Islamic traditions (e.g. Quranism and Ibadi Islam)[19]
Languages
Liturgical:
Quranic Arabic
Common:
Urdu, Modern Standard Arabic, Indonesian, Bengali, Turkic languages, Persian and other languages of the Muslim world[20][21][22][23][24]

Muslims (Arabic: مسلم, transl. "submitter [to God]")[25] are people who adhere to Islam, an Abrahamic religion. They consider the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet and messenger.[26] The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).[27]

Numbering approximately 1.8 billion as of 2015, Muslims comprise about 24.1% of the world population.[28] By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim: 91% in the Middle East and in North Africa (MENA),[29] 81% in Central Asia,[30][31] 65% in the Caucasus,[32][33][34][35][36][37] 40% in Southeast Asia,[38][39] 31% in South Asia,[40][41] 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa,[42] 25% in Asia and in Oceania collectively,[43] around 6% in Europe,[44] and 1% in the Americas.[45][46][47][48]

The two largest Islamic sects are Sunni Islam (75–90%)[49] and Shia Islam (10–20%).[15][16][17] About 12% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country;[50][51] 31% of Muslims live in South Asia,[52] the largest population of Muslims in the world by numbers;[53] 20% in the Middle East and North Africa,[54] where it is the dominant religion;[55] and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.[56] Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia,[57] the majority in the Caucasus[32][33] and widespread in Southeast Asia.[39] India is the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.[58] Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, and throughout Europe.[59][60][61] Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world.[62][63][64]

Etymology

See also: Islam § Etymology

The word muslim (Arabic: مسلم, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/ or moslem /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/[65]) is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".[66][67] A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: مسلمة) (also transliterated as "Muslimah"[68] ). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn (مسلمون) or muslimīn (مسلمين), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt (مسلمات).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". In the 20th century the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse.[69] The word Mosalman (Persian: مسلمان, alternatively Mussalman) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.[70] Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.[71] Other obsolete terms include Muslimite[72] and Muslimist.[73] In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens.

The Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said:

A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God...Islam means making one's religion and faith God's alone.[74]

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To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[75] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."[76]

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[77] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[78] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[79]

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[80]

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[81][82]

In Islamic theology

Main article: Prophets and messengers in Islam

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an. The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to Moses, the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.[83]

Demographics

Main article: Islam § Demographics
See also: List of countries by Muslim population
World Muslim population by percentage (2010 data from Pew Research Center)
A map of Muslim populations by absolute number

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,[84] followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).[50] About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa.[84][85]

Sizable minorities are also found in India, China, Ethiopia, the Americas, Australia and parts of Europe. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its total population is Morocco.[86]

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni.[13][14] The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–20%,[15][16][17] and 1%[18] respectively.

With about 1.8 billion followers (2019), almost a quarter of earth's population,[87] Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world,[88] primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims,[89] with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.[89]

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.[90] The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.[90] About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,[90] and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.[90]

Culture

Main article: Islamic culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Egyptian, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, South Asian, Malay, Somali, Berber, Indonesian, and Moro cultures.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Muslim Population By Country 2021". World Population Review. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  2. ^ Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. [2015] 6 April 2017. "Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine" (data analysis). Fact Tank. US: Pew Research Center.
  3. ^ "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion] (PDF). Sensus Penduduk 2018. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian (Protestant), Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religions. Muslim 231,069,932 (86.7), Christian (Protestant)20,246,267 (7.6), Catholic 8,325,339 (3.12), Hindu 4,646,357 (1.74), Buddhist 2,062,150 (0.72), Confucianism 71,999 (0.03),Other Religions/no answer 112,792 (0.04), Total 266,534,836
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  5. ^ "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  6. ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 15 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  7. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
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  12. ^ Hammond, Kelly (15 January 2021). "The Terrible 'Sinicization' of Islam in China". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b See:
    • Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
    • Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
    • Iran, Israel and the United States Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
    • "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010. They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām.
    • Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-7614-7926-0. Retrieved 19 December 2011. A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent.
    • "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.
    • "Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias". BBC News. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011. The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%.
    • "Sunni and Shia Islam". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world's Muslims.
    • "Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA". USA Today. 24 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011. Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite.
    • "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide...
    • Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
    • Inside Muslim minds Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "around 80% are Sunni"
    • Who Gets To Narrate the World Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The Sunnis (approximately 80%)"
    • A world theology Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine N. Ross Reat "80% being the Sunni"
    • Islam and the Ahmadiyya jama'at Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the world's Muslim population"
    • A dictionary of modern politics Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b From Sunni Islam: See:
    • Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
    • "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population
    • Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
    • Iran, Israel and the United States Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
    • A dictionary of modern politics Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
    • "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.
    • "Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias". BBC News. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011. The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%.
    • "Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA". USA Today. 24 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011. Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite.
    • Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Shiʿi, Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 January 2022. In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world’s 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.
  16. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide...
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b c Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center (Report). October 2009. p. 1. Retrieved 17 January 2022. Of the total Muslim population, 10-13% are Shia Muslims and 87-90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.
  18. ^ Jump up to:a b See:
    • Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2014. Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate
    • DeVries, Larry; Baker, Don & Overmyer, Dan (1 January 2011). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2014. The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world
    • Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2014. The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million
    • "Ahmadiyya Muslims". pbs.org. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
    • A figure of 10–20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also Ahmadiyya by country.
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  20. ^ Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. England: Kube Publishing. p. 2. Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs
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  26. ^ Welch, Alford T, Moussalli, Ahmad S, Newby, Gordon D (2009). "Muḥammad". In Esposito JL (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017. The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.
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    • Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide Archived 16 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
    • "Sunni". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2012. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.
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